This paper combines the use of gift theory and the metatheory of the Morphogenetic Approach as a framework for the proposal that the relationship between unpaid interns and ‘employers’ may be conceptualized as a form of transactional, but asymmetrical, gift-exchange. The article begins by applying insights from gift theory to the findings of a range of studies into unpaid internships. It is argued that, while interns are the initial gift-givers in delivering unpaid labour, ‘employers’ often demonstrate weak reciprocation in terms (...) of offering paid work. Following that, the article combines gift analysis with the Morphogenetic Approach. This framework offers ontological depth to the substantive propositions of gift theory, and provides conceptual tools to study the interplay between structure/culture and agency that form the intern-‘employer’ relationship. The contribution of this article lies in the combined use of two key theoretical perspectives to a problematic not previously examined through such concepts. (shrink)

This chapter examines the ways in which four different pseudonymous letter-collections portray themselves as the work of their purported famous authors; how the authority of individual letter- and wider collections depends on the creation of an impression of authorship by a particular historical individual; and the functions to which the authority so created are put. The chapter focusses on how the theme of authenticity is important in these texts, and how they have a complex relationship with mainstream biographical traditions about (...) their purported authors. The picture that emerges points to a sophisticated conception of authorship and provides important evidence for the relationship of the narrating voice of a text and its supposed author in antiquity. (shrink)